A research fellow at the Centre for Biomedical Ethics (CBmE) of the National University of Singapore (NUS), Karel Caals obtained his PhD in health geography from NUS, after doing qualitative field research on the training of healthcare professionals in Timor-Leste to establish the concept of the More-than-National Health System. As part of his interest in health systems, he researches the digitalization of health, working on topics such as the ethics of artificial intelligence in healthcare and digital health surveillance. Additional interests include various topics in the field of research ethics. He is assistant editor of the Asian Bioethics Review.